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Quinnipiac is the English name for the Eansketambawg meaning "original people"; cf. The Quinnipiac occasionally spelled Quinnipiack [1] people—also known as Quiripi and Renapi—are speakers of the r-dialect of the Algonquian language family. The Algonquian Language Phyla was the largest in North America and covered about one-third of the continent above Mexico. Its length is 38 miles 61 km and its name means "long-water-country.
The first indicates "long-water-land" and the second indicates "at the long water estuary" which are two locations of the Renapi bands. One linguist theorizes that the name "Quinnipiac" means "turning point" i. Evidence does exist, however, to indicate that the original "long-water-land" related to the entire shoreline along Long Island Sound. In Pre-Columbian times, after the glaciers melted, there was a freshwater lake waterfall miles km long.
Legend has it that this was the derivation of the term "Long-Water-Land. Quinnipiac River runs almost the width top to bottom of the state and the Connecticut originally spelled Quinnehtukqut River runs from the Sound all the way to the border between New Hampshire and Quebec , Canada.
A primary sachemdom likened to a kingdom, aboriginal domain, etc. The Algonquian primary sachemdom was always located at the heart or center of the domain, where a traditional maweomi central council fire was positioned. The sachemdom was defended by Indian forts or menehkenum which the English called "entrenched castles. Secondary sub-sachemships bands were genetically, culturally, politically, socially, economically, and linguistically related to and defended the central council fire.
The central council fires in turn, were allied with a Great Grand Council known as a Confederacy. The primary economic commodity of the Long Water people was the production of wampum-peague or "shell-money" which has sacred origins. Huge piles of clam and oyster shells were stockpiled and archaeologists erroneously identified them as "refuse dumps" for lack of understanding.
Shipments of these shells were sent to regional Algonquian Trade Centers. One of the most renown was at Cahokia , where archaeologists found these stockpiles with drills and drill bits, as well as large quantities of finished beads.
There were two types. Other commodities included raw copper , mined from West Rock Mautumpseck in large nuggets. These nuggets were sent to regional trade centers where artisans turned them into beads, amulets , knives, and axes. Throughout the sachemdom, the menuhkenumoag Indian forts were positioned along the main trail system, known as Mishimayagat. Trails and rivers served as highways for war and trade. The Mattabesec Sachemship in the heart of Wangunk sub-sachemships was the easternmost entrance to the Wappinger-Mattabesec Confederacy and prior to the major epidemics of the 16thth century, this eastern door was where Rhode Island is now and the eastern border of Connecticut.
Prior to the devastating epidemics according to contemporary scholars Snow, Grumet, Bragdon, et al. This equates to roughly 1, to 1, per band or sub-sachemship called 'sub-tribes' by ethnologists. Additional reserved lands were recorded by the late John Menta in his thesis and subsequent work about the Quinnipiac. There were three major treaties, and one ratification by Naushop, the son of Shaumpishuh. These treaties were with the British Crown and, as such, were ratified by the U. Constitution, according to U.
Supreme Court decisions. Reserved land locations included:. The "Quinnipiac Trail of Heartaches" [8] refers to the numerous relocations of the Quinnipiac people who became refugees as a result of the encroachment, religious conversion , and ethnic cleansing by the Puritans. Large groups, who could not remain at the regional reserved lands, embarked on a series of removals to other Algonquian groups.
Some of these included, but were not limited to the Schaghticoke enclave, which began in the year , after old Joseph Chuse married Sarah Mahwee Mahweeyeuh. Blair Rudes confirmed that she was indeed Quinnipiac. Today they have split into the Schaghticoke Nation and the Schaghticoke Tribe. Francis and Quebec , Canada.
Others who migrated went to Pennsylvania , eastern New York , and northern New Jersey , at the Ramapo Mountain refugium see Ramapough Mountain Indians , by moving from rock shelter to rock shelter, in order to survive. From the s to , the Quinnipiac began to return to the Long Water Land. Although they were a people of peace and commerce, when forced into war, they were fierce warriors and outstanding soldiers. A rogue sachem, named Uncus, angry for having been passed over to lead the Pequotoog, took his followers and struck out on his own, founding the Mohegan Band.
Uncus and his warriors joined with Nepaupuck a Quinnipiac War Captain and entered into several treaties with the English. In the "Direful Swamp Fight," Quinnipiac and Mohegan warriors joined with English troops and, in December , they defeated the powerful Pequotoog. Quinnipiac warriors served in many wars and battles as soldiers and sailors and as subsequent refugees, who migrated to Stockbridge, merged into an alliance to help the Sons of Liberty defeat the English in the American Revolution because of the betrayal by English allies in land dealings.
The original thirteen colonies adopted the socio-political structure of the Quinnipiac Wampano Confederacy, with each state having its own totem and calling their leader a sachem. The Long Water Land people lived in their fishing camps along the shores during the spring Sequan and summer Nepun. Their horticultural patterns produced corn , beans , squash , pumpkins , fruits, nuts, berries, all in a plantation-style setting.
They used a slash-and-burn technique to replenish the soil and rotated their plantation sites regularly. They used horseshoe crabs and menhadden alewives as a natural fertilizer. They caught shell - and scalefish and dried them in the sun or on racks over a fire. The Quinnipiac were avid falconers, using hawks to keep crows away from the corn.
Many other plants considered weeds today were used by the Long Water people for food, beverages, medicine, and for making mats. In the fall Taquonck the Long Water people moved inland along their trails to the winter Pabouks grounds, and, along the way they hunted fowl , rabbits , beaver , and other small game, until they came to Meriden "the Pleasant Valley," where oaks provided shelter against high winds and the acorns were main staples for deer and wild turkey , another winter staple.
During the Colonial period, Quinnipiac men hired out as laborers, fishermen, and guides the English often got lost , and Quinnipiac women sold their crafts. The Quinnipiac and other Algonquians lived in dwellings known as wigwams elliptical houses with sapling frames covered with bark, mats, skins, or sod and quinnekommuk longhouses that were rectangular and two or three times as long as their width, covered with similar coverings. The bigger dwellings were sachems' houses, which often had five or six fire pits in one dwelling because they often had their extended family living with them.
Religious Society Wampano or "Men of the Dawn," Powwauwoag, Medarennawawg , and others had the biggest longhouses for ceremonial purposes. The algongin use shells as money. The Long Water Land people were well known for their elm bark canoes light and fast for easy portage , and foot 6 m to foot 12 m dugout canoes , used for trade and war. They reckoned the passing of time by a lunar calendar and an eight-part ceremonial cycle, using various lithic and earth features as observatories to determine the phases of the sun, moon, and stars for planting, harvest, and ceremonies.
Momauguin , Quinnipiac Grand Sachem in , signed the First Treaty with the English planters at Quinnipiac New Haven , "along with others of his council," [10] granting the English the use of Quinnipiac land at New Haven, the Central Council Fire of the Sachemdom, while retaining full rights to the 1,acre 5 km 2 "reservation" as well as full rights to fish and hunt all property.
Mantowese , sachem of Mattabesec Middletown , to the north of New Haven, signed the Second Treaty with the English, granting them use of land in his sub-sachemship. Shampishuh , sister to Momauguin, was the female sachem sunksquaw of the Menunkatuck Guilford Sub-sachemship, who signed the Third Treaty with the English, granting them the use of land near Madison and Guilford, but reserving land east of Kuttawoo River for her people.
Shampishuh was the sister of Momauguin and niece of Quosoquonch, the sachem of nearby Totoket Branford. Shampishuh' son, Naushop, signed the ratification of her treaty with the English. Quosoquonch , the sachem of the Totoket Sub-sachemship and uncle of Shampishuh, worked with Shaumpishuh in to draw up a map for Rev. Henry Whitfield and John Higginson of the Quinnipiac sachemdoms from the Quinnipiac River in the west to beyond Hammonasset in the east, which included landmarks.
In she married Joseph Chuse Paugusset Sub-sachemship and together they began the Schaghticoke enclave. Elizabeth Sakaskantawe Brown was born around and lived to be well over years old, living on about 20 acres 81, m 2 near Branford, Connecticut. It was originally spoken throughout the Dawnland around to AD.
After contact with the Europeans, which caused the epidemics and resulted in a shift of regional dialects, the language was spoken in western Connecticut, eastern New York, half of Long Island, and northern New Jersey. From to the 20th century, the dialect became a pidginized hybridization of the n, l, y, and r dialects, until ACLI began reviving the original dialect. The Quinnipiac people practiced a number of traditional religious ceremonies, hosted by seven medicine societies.
Chapter 12 of the Complete Language Guide preserves these teachings according to linguistic and cultural traditions, while Chapter 13 preserves the ancient graphical writing systems of the Eastern Algonquians, used by the sachems and shamans.
As noted by contemporary scholars [ who? Pierson was taught by Rev. John Eliot, who founded Puritan Praying Towns, where any Quinnipiac who "converted" had to renounce everything "Indian", including religion, language, dress, ceremonies, homes, businesses, freedom, and families, and live like Europeans in square houses, but with stringent rules of conduct not imposed on Europeans.
Contrary to popular assumptions, those who did relocate were not absorbed into the receiving tribe. They were made part of Dawnland Grand Council Fire Circles, which is their traditional mode of socio-political existence. This is known as socio-political preservation and is how many of the Algonquian groups obtained state recognition in the s, s, and s, after they had been rendered "extinct" with the stroke of a pen in the legislatures of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York.
The warrior-shamans called Pinessi plural is Pinessisok were dedicated to the Thunderer who bestowed supernatural powers on them. Offerings were also made to the mandooak of the sun, moon, stars, mountains, rivers, oceans, the Little People, and the Stone Giants, Hobbomock and Maushop.
Women tended all crops except tobacco and herbals, which were planted by shamans only. The Algonquians used over twenty herbals in smoking their ceremonial pipes.
The Quinnipiac Stone Giant Twins Hobbomock and Maushop , as the primary culture heroes, acted as the epitomes of good and bad, right and wrong, honorable deeds and mischievous behavior. The Puritans refused to acknowledge any of this. Religious conversion and cultural ethnocide operated to redefine many Quinnipiac ancient traditions and language definitions.
For example, the Puritan families refused to honor Quinnipiac teachings. Hobbomock was, to the Quinnipiac, a benevolent spirit who taught the people how to hunt, fish, and survive the Ice Age , earthquakes, famines, etc.
The Puritans knew this, yet they forced the Long Water people to teach the children that Hobbomock was a " Bogeyman. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the Native American group. For the university, see Quinnipiac University. For the university's athletic program, see Quinnipiac Bobcats. For the polling organization, see Quinnipiac University Polling Institute.
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